Regarding to unbelievable recent technology developments, one can observe the progress of science in the fields such as agriculture and industry due to application of computerized systems. Performance and ability of computer causes that challengers accept this phenomena in any ages and receive its services. Agricultural industry has benefited from this technology too. In fact designing an expert system is creating an intelligent computer software which is able to suggest the best way in a systematic and exact manner with bounded knowledge. It goes without saying that its possible to design expert systems in any branch of sciences. In this article design of an expert system in selecting primary tillage tools has been discussed. Developed multiple language, is efficient for the whole country to day. It is enough to show your location on the map instead of answering some of the questions for KARAJ (its hemisphere information exists in the software). These facilities is extendable for the world. The structure of the software for selecting the empliments is done on the basis of weighting different parts of the name of the complete implement by fuzzy logic lables and data fusion and its result is a list of proper tillage implements for that special situation given by the user. This list is sorted by the priority of implements and the pictures and explanations as well as the name of the implement will guide the user.

Introduction: Main part of energy consumption in agricultural mechanization is tillage operations therefore optimization of energy consumption in tillage operation is very important. A management method for system to optimize in agriculture is Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) methodology that this method can operate according to criteria of the systems. This method states that, which system has better performance? (for example the system for agricultural tractors, type of implements, methods of tillage, planting and harvesting, and etc). …

Crust breaking of saffron is an important operation at the first stage of growth that should be accuratly operated as in this period sprouts of saffron rise up to near the soil surface. After primary irrigation, farmers soften the soil surface by means of different cultivation implements, which enables saffron flowers arise from subsurfarce. This research was conducted to compare tillage implements with no crust breaking method for three-times irrigations (early, on time, late) technically and economically. In this research, therefore, three-time irrigations were selected as three expriments and horizontal factors were: a) no crust breaking b) animal plow c) manual crust breaking using a local tool (Chahar shakh) d) rotivator with special blades. This research performed at the farm of Saffron and Medical Plants Research Station planted three years ago. It was concluded that for the early irrigation experiment tillage implements did not have significant effect on yield at the first year, but manual crust breaking and no crust breaking had significant difference at the second year. Regarding the effect of time of irrigation manual crust breaking and rotivator factors produced saffron yield higher than no crust breaking and animal plow factors with significant difference. At the late irrigation experiment, the highest yield was related to both no crust breaking and manual crust breaking factors and there were significant differences between no crust breaking and manual crust breaking factors and also between rotivator and animal plow factors. Economical evaluation showed that using rotivator would be the best method for early and on time irrigation, and the suitable method for late irrigation was no crust breaking.

The presents study designed, constructed, and statically calibrated a 6DOF force torque sensor to measure forces and moments acting on a tillage implement. The instrument could measure the three orthogonal forces acting on the implement and the three moments acting around the orthogonal axes up to a maximum force of 5 kN and a maximum moment of 5 kNm. For mechanical design of the 6DOF force torque sensor, the finite element method and Solid Works software were used. The sensing element was constructed from AISI 1045 cold-drawn steel by machining. Strain distributions were analyzed to find the optimal strain node positions in the sensor to minimize cross-sensitivity between horizontal and vertical force measurement. The forces and moments acting on the sensor were measured using strain gauge bridges. A data logger (model DT800; DataTaker) was used for logging and saving data. Calibration of the measurement system was conducted by a calibration system designed for static calibration of a 6DOF force torque sensor. The calibration results showed that the sensor had appropriate precision, sensitivity, and good repeatability for measuring forces and moments. The results showed a high degree of linearity between bridge output voltage and applied force. The interaction of the applied forces and moments was not significant.

This study deals with the application of the Microsoft Excel for the estimation of the power requirements of some tillage implements. The mathematical formulas embedded in the spreadsheet file have been developed in the previously published papers; however, those formulas were augmented herein in order to contain some agricultural mechanization issues. Another feature of this article is the ability of the spreadsheet to generate trend curves automatically. The comparison of the power expenditure aspects of different tillage implements as well as the inspection of the effect of an arbitrary selected input parameter on the spreadsheet outputs were effectively performed. Numerically, the specific work of the rotary tiller was estimated two times to five times higher than the specific work of drawing implements. Furthermore, as an example of trend curves derived in this article, the increase in disc angle in the range of 25° to 70° reduced the draft and power needs of the disc plow by 66% and 54%, respectively. However, it increased the disc plow specific draft and power by 34% and21%, respectively.

The study of soil particles displacement through the passage of a tillage blade can lead to an appropriate geometrical design of soil-engaging tools, which can reduce the energy consumption required for tillage. In this study, soil displacement by a conventional sweep was measured and modelled. The sweep had a cutting width equal to 150 mm, and it was tested in an indoor soil bin containing a loam soil with 5. 5% moisture content (dry basis) at a working depth of 50 mm and a travel speed of 0. 133 m s-1. Five pins with different colors were placed at the soil surface with a certain order in front of the sweep to model the interaction of soil and the soil-engaging part of the sweep. The pins movements were tracked for 10 seconds from the moment they were in touch with the sweep using a CCTV camera installed above the sweep. Experimental results showed a general trend of the highest displacements around the center of the path of sweep, reducing at further distance away from the center. The measured lateral displacement ranged from-167 to +71 mm due to the displacements of the pins. Furthermore, a polynomial equation was fitted to the path of each pin. The extremum of these equations indicated the highest soil displacement in the paths. The method presented in this study can be used in designing problems where agricultural engineers can study the effects of sweeps with different geometries on the trend of soil translocations during the tillage.

Drafts of major primary tillage implements were measured in a clay loam soil using a tension loadcell. Implements consisted of a moldboard, a disk and a chisel plow each equipped with one tillage unit. A photoelectric speed sensor was used for actual forward speed measurements. During the study, the effects of forward speed and tillage depth on draft requirements were investigated. A general regression equation was developed to predict the specific draft of these implements as based on the Standard ASAE, D497.5. Results of statistical analysis indicated a significant increase in draft for all the three implements with an increase in depth of operation. The values of specific draft for the three tested tillage implements were significantly affected by forward speed. Coefficients of specific draft equations were determined through regression analysis. Specific draft equation coefficients (A, B and C) were obtained as: 256.26, 2.28 and12.11 from moldboard plow; 152.28, 3.79 and 9.66 for disk plow; and 26.9, 12.18 and 0.13 for chisel plow respectively. High values of R-square (R2) for specific draft equations in the case of each implement showed that the models are able to present a good prediction of the implements' required draft.

For measuring the draft forces exerted by implements into tractor, we use the dynamometers that are divided into pull type or three-point hitch type. For measuring the forces between the tractor and the mounted implements, three-point hitch dynamometers are used. In this research, an adjustable three-point hitch dynamometer with a draft capacity of 25 kN was designed and built which is made up from two frames that one of them placed inside the other. The force sensing elements were comprised of a load cell that was installed between the frames. All mounted tillage implements were able to be tested by this measuring device excluding mounted implements which are powered by PTO and by using this dynamometer, the variations of implements draft force in the different tillage conditions consist of the various work depths and different forward speeds would be studied. After design and construction steps, dynamometer was calibrated, tested and evaluated. Field tests were done by using of four mounted tillage implements and obtained data were compared by obtained data from ASAE D497.5 standard formula. So with these data, the design of tines, their stems, equipment frames and the selection of the optimal size of the tillage equipment in regard of the soil type of the region and the power of the available tractors will be more scientific and reasonable.

To study the effects of four types of tillage implements and seed densities on the yield of rainfed wheat using deep drill grain with press wheel, an experiment was conducted in research farm of Gonbad Agricultural faculty in three years (1997-2000), using split plot with three replications in a Randomized Complete Block Design. In this research with four types of primary tillage implements namely: moldboard plow (MP), disc plow (DP), chisel plow (CP) and off set disc (OD) were used and Tajen wheat cultivar was planted using mentioned planting implements at the quantity of 140,150 and 160kg/ha. Crop yields for different treatments were harvested and measured. The results indicated that seed densities and tillage implements had no significant difference on the yield of wheat. However, reduced tillage has been proposed as a promising strategy to improve soil physical properties, soil erosion and moisture control, less energy consumption and greater speed for preparation of soil, expenditure reduction of production. According to the results of this research, application of chisel plows with 140kg/ha seed density is recommended to increase wheat yield in this region.